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Researching scientific principles

The human hormonal system is very complex. Many hormones inhibit or reinforce each other, thus regulating the coordination of bodily functions. At the top of the list is the hypothalamus, which controls the pituitary gland. Together, these two influence all hormone-producing tissues, such as the thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, and gonads.

Historical development of research

Sex hormones are primarily responsible for gender expression, growth, sexuality, and pregnancy. Sex hormones include estrogens, androgens, progestins, and DHEA. All sex hormones are produced by both women and men; only the ratio and the body's response to them differ.

Positive effects at a glance

These chemically similar hormones include the sex hormones, the stress hormone cortisol, and its counterpart DHEA. The body produces all steroid hormones from cholesterol through various intermediate steps. Cortisol is one of the most important stress hormones, which stimulates certain metabolic processes in the body during acute stress situations.

Publikationen

(1) Wang L. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of DNA-based SDC2 methylation test in colorectal cancer screening: a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022.

(2) Yue C. et al. Meta-Analyses on SDC2 Gene Methylation. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022.

(3) Boyu Q. et al. Real-World retrospective study in China. 2024.

(4) Zhao S. et al. Real-World SDC2 Methylation Screening Study. Gastroenterology. 2024.

FAQs

Please read our FAQs page to find out more.

How reliable are saliva hormone tests?

Saliva hormone tests are a method for measuring hormones that is generally regarded as reliable and useful, particularly in certain contexts.
Advantages of saliva hormone tests

Non-invasive: Compared to blood tests, saliva samples are easier and less invasive to collect.
Stress-free: Since sample collection does not cause stress, results are less likely to be influenced by stress hormones.
Repeatable measurements: It is easier to collect multiple samples throughout the day, which is helpful for studying hormonal fluctuations.
Especially suited for certain hormones: Particularly useful for measuring free, biologically active hormones such as cortisol, DHEA, and some sex hormones (e.g., progesterone, estradiol).
Applications
Saliva hormone tests are especially useful in certain clinical and research settings, such as:
Monitoring cortisol levels to assess adrenal function and stress levels.
Measuring hormones related to the female cycle and menopause.
Long-term hormone monitoring without the need for frequent blood draws.
Saliva hormone tests are a valuable and reliable method for measuring specific hormones, especially when performed and interpreted correctly.

What role do testosterone, estrogen and progesterone play in men?

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone – influencing libido, muscle strength, energy, mood, and much more. However, estrogen and progesterone also have important functions in men and should not be underestimated:
Testosterone is responsible for developing male characteristics during puberty, maintaining muscle mass, stimulating libido, and supporting motivation and concentration. A deficiency can lead to low drive, erectile problems, and muscle loss.

Estradiol (a form of estrogen) is produced in men through the conversion of testosterone. It is essential for bone health, memory performance, and a stable cardiovascular system. However, excessively high estrogen levels in men can lead to fat accumulation, mood swings, or breast development.

Progesterone, often perceived as a “female” hormone, also plays a role in men: it helps maintain hormonal balance, has a calming effect on the nervous system, and supports the production of other hormones. A deficiency can impact sleep quality and stress resilience.

What happens if a man's estrogen level is too high?

An elevated estrogen level in men can disrupt the delicate balance between male and female hormones – often with noticeable physical and psychological effects.
Typical signs of estrogen dominance in men include:

Weight gain (especially in the abdominal and chest area)
Gynecomastia (enlargement of breast tissue)
Loss of libido and erectile dysfunction
Mood swings, irritability, or depressive moods
Reduced performance, especially in strength and endurance
High estrogen levels often result from increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol (aromatase activity), which can occur with excess weight or chronic stress. Alcohol, certain medications, and environmental hormones (e.g., plasticizers) can also play a role.
A hormone test can help identify this imbalance – and, together with an expert, enable targeted action through diet, exercise, micronutrients, or therapeutic measures.

What is DHEA hormone?

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is a precursor hormone, meaning it can be converted in the body into other hormones, particularly sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.
Functions of DHEA

Precursor for sex hormones: DHEA is converted into estrogen and testosterone, which fulfill many important functions in the body.
Supports the immune system: DHEA can strengthen immune function and help reduce inflammation.
Influences mood and well-being: It can improve mood, boost energy, and promote overall well-being.
Bone and muscle health: Contributes to maintaining bone density and muscle mass.
Anti-aging effects: Often associated with anti-aging benefits, as DHEA levels naturally decline with age.
Production and regulation
Adrenal glands: DHEA is mainly produced in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex.
Age: Production peaks in early adulthood and gradually decreases with age. In older adults, DHEA levels are often significantly lower than in younger individuals.
Stress: Chronic stress can affect DHEA production, as the adrenal glands also produce cortisol, a stress hormone.

How do I know if I have testosterone deficiency?

Testosterone deficiency, also known as hypogonadism, can cause a range of physical and psychological symptoms. If you suspect you may have low testosterone, there are several steps you can take to find out:
1. Recognize the symptoms
Watch for common signs of testosterone deficiency, which may include:

Physical symptoms:

Low libido (sexual desire)
Erectile problems
Reduced muscle mass and strength
Increased body fat
Loss of body hair
Fatigue and low energy levels
Osteoporosis (reduced bone density)
Psychological symptoms:
Depressed mood
Irritability
Difficulty concentrating
Memory problems
Testosterone deficiency can significantly impact quality of life, but it is treatable. With a thorough examination and appropriate tests, low testosterone can be diagnosed and effectively managed.

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