…a meta-analysis published in Springer Nature in 2025, which evaluated 1,064,891 men from studies between 1971 and 2024, confirms a significant, age-independent decline in testosterone levels in the male population — with a decrease of up to one per cent per calendar year, in addition to the normal age-related decline?
Environmental factors such as endocrine disruptors from pesticides, plastics and plasticisers are considered partly responsible, but this has not yet been conclusively proven. Falling sperm quality, rising rates of overweight and lack of sleep also play a documented role.
Andrew Huberman, neuroscientist at Stanford University, puts the clinical consequence in a nutshell: “Free testosterone — not the total value — is what counts. And sleep, nutrition and stress management come before any therapy.” Peter Attia adds: “An SHBG value without free testosterone is clinically worthless. Anyone who knows only the total value does not know whether their hormone is working at all.”
A complete male hormone status profile covers several levels. First, total testosterone as a starting value — ideally measured in the morning between 7 and 10 a.m., since the level fluctuates by up to 30 per cent over the course of the day.
Second, SHBG, to understand how much testosterone is actually bound and therefore inactive. Third, free testosterone, calculated or measured directly — the clinically relevant share. Fourth, DHEA-S as a long-term marker of adrenal capacity and hormone reserve. In addition LH and FSH, which show whether the deficiency originates in the testes or in the control by hypothalamus and pituitary.
Oestradiol and prolactin belong to this as well — raised oestradiol inhibits testosterone directly, raised prolactin can point to an adenoma. Zinc and vitamin D round off the picture, since both are directly involved in testosterone synthesis.
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What your doctor doesn't tell you about pantoprazole – and Dr Petra Bracht does
Neurotransmitter und Charakter